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=== Modals of Possibility ===
 
=== Modals of Possibility ===
  
We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain: <ref>https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/modal-verbs/certain-probable-or-possible</ref>
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We use the modals '''could''', '''might''' and '''may''' to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain: <ref>https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/modal-verbs/certain-probable-or-possible</ref>
  
 
# They '''might''' come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
 
# They '''might''' come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)

Edição das 15h04min de 13 de novembro de 2017

This is my work on Intermediate Grammar Project from University of California.

Past Participle

The form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, which is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective, e.g. looked in "have you looked"?, lost in "lost property".[1]

For regular verbs, we normally add "ed" to form its past participle. Unfortunately for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.[2]

List of common irregular verbs: [3]

Verb Past Participle
be been
beat beaten
become become
begin begun
bet bet
blow blown
break broken
bring brought
build built
burst burst
buy bought
catch caught
choose chosen
come come
cost cost
cut cut
deal dealt
do done
draw drawn
drink drunk
drive driven
eat eaten
fall fallen
feed fed
feel felt
fight fought
find found
fly flown
forget forgotten
freeze frozen
get got, gotten 
give given
go gone
grow grown
hang hung
have had
hear heard
hide hidden
hit hit
hold held
hurt hurt
keep kept
know known
lay laid
lead led
leave left
lend lent
let let
lie lain
light lit
lose lost
make made
mean meant
meet met
pay paid
put put
read read
ride ridden
ring rung
rise risen
run run
say said
see seen
sell sold
send sent
set set
shake shaken
steal stolen
shine shone
shoot shot
show shown
shut shut
sing sung
sink sunk
sit sat
sleep slept
slide slid
speak spoken
spend spent
spring sprung
stand stood
stick stuck
swear sworn
sweep swept
swim swum
swing swung
take taken
teach taught
tear torn
tell told
think thought
throw thrown
understand understood
wake woken
wear worn
weave woven
win won
write written

Present Perfect

This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.[4]

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.[5]

Some examples extracted from ef website: [5]

  • Actions started in the past and continuing in the present:
  1. They haven't lived here for years.
  2. She has worked in the bank for five years.
  3. We have had the same car for ten years.
  4. Have you played the piano since you were a child?
  • When the time period referred to has not finished:
  1. I have worked hard this week.
  2. It has rained a lot this year.
  3. We haven't seen her today.
  • Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now:
  1. They have seen that film six times
  2. It has happened several times already.
  3. She has visited them frequently.
  4. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
  • Actions completed in the very recent past (with just):
  1. Have you just finished work?
  2. I have just eaten.
  3. We have just seen her.
  4. Has he just left?
  • When the precise time of the action is not important or not know:
  1. Someone has eaten my soup!
  2. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
  3. She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

Present Perfect Progressive

The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time. The present perfect continuous is formed using the construction has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing). [6]

Example: I’ve been decorating the house this summer. The focus is on the action – decorating – and the action is unfinished. [7]

Adverbs for Present Perfect

The present perfect tense is commonly used with the indefinite time adverbs never, ever, before, yet, already.[8]

  • Have you ever been to the USA?
  • I have never seen a kangaroo.
  • I have seen her before.
  • They have already arrived.
  • She has not received the parcel yet.

Stative Verbs

A stative verb is a verb used primarily to describe a state or situation as opposed to an action or process. Common examples include be, have, like, seem, prefer, understand, doubt, and know. Also known as a stative, state verb, or static verb. Contrast this with a dynamic verb. Stative verbs usually don't occur in the progressive aspect or the imperative mood. [9]


List of stative verbs: [10]

  • agree
  • appear
  • astonish
  • be
  • believe
  • belong
  • concern
  • consist
  • contain
  • deny
  • depend
  • deserve
  • disagree
  • dislike
  • doubt
  • feel (=have an opinion)
  • fit
  • hate
  • have
  • hear
  • imagine
  • impress
  • include
  • involve
  • know
  • lack
  • like
  • look (=seem)
  • love
  • matter
  • mean
  • measure (=have length etc)
  • mind
  • need
  • owe
  • own
  • please
  • possess
  • prefer
  • promise
  • realise
  • recognise
  • remember
  • satisfy
  • see
  • seem
  • smell
  • sound
  • suppose
  • surprise
  • taste
  • think (=have an opinion)
  • understand
  • want
  • weigh (=have weight)
  • wish

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic: [10]

  • be
  • think
  • have
  • see
  • taste

Examples of stative sentence: [10]

  1. This soup tastes great
  2. The coffee tastes really bitter

Example of non-stative sentence (dynamic sentence): [10]

  1. The chef is tasting the soup


Past Perfect

The past perfect, also called the pluperfect, is a verb tense used to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past. [11]

We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect. [12]

Examples: [13]

  1. John had gone out when I arrived in the office.
  2. I had saved my document before the computer crashed.
  3. When they arrived we had already started cooking.
  4. He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

In the examples above, it doesn't matter which event is mentioned first, the tense makes it clear which one happened first. [13]

Modals

Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that express ideas like ability, permission, possibility, and necessity. One of the most important things to remember is that modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meanings, but combining correctly is often a challenge for English learners. This is because we have single-word modals (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) and phrasal modals (be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to, used to). [14]

Phrasal Modals

Are phrases formed with the verbs be or have. Some examples of phrasal modals are have (got) to or be allowed to. [15]

  1. I have to go. [16]

Ability Modals

We use can, be able to and could to show that someone has (or doesn’t have) an ability to do something: [17]

Present/future ability Negative
Alan can swim well. Jackie cannot play piano.
I can meet you after school. We can’t visit Vancouver this weekend.
I am able to speak two languages. I am not able to speak Arabic.
Brenda is able to run quickly. Stacey isn’t able to finish a marathon.
You are able to program a computer. We aren’t able to make a reservation tonight.

Modals of Possibility

We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain: [18]

  1. They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
  2. They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
  3. If we don’t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)

Advice Modals

Preference Modals

Modals of Impossibility

Adjectives

Comparatives and Superlatives

Appositives

Count and Non-Count nouns

Definite and Indefinite Articles

Quantifiers

Gerunds and Infinitives

Requests and Permissions

Pronouns

Adjectives and Adverbs

Nouns and Verbs

Prepositions

Phrasal Verbs

Collocations

References