Intermediate Grammar Project: UCI
This is my work on Intermediate Grammar Project from University of California.
Índice
- 1 Past Participle
- 2 Present Perfect
- 3 Present Perfect Progressive
- 4 Adverbs for Present Perfect
- 5 Stative Verbs
- 6 Past Perfect
- 7 Modals
- 8 Adjectives
- 9 Comparatives and Superlatives
- 10 Appositives
- 11 Count and Non-Count nouns
- 12 Definite and Indefinite Articles
- 13 Quantifiers
- 14 Gerunds and Infinitives
- 15 Requests and Permissions
- 16 Pronouns
- 17 Adjectives and Adverbs
- 18 Nouns and Verbs
- 19 Prepositions
- 20 Phrasal Verbs
- 21 Collocations
- 22 References
Past Participle
The form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, which is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective, e.g. looked in "have you looked"?, lost in "lost property".[1]
For regular verbs, we normally add "ed" to form its past participle. Unfortunately for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.[2]
List of common irregular verbs: [3]
Verb | Past Participle |
---|---|
be | been |
beat | beaten |
become | become |
begin | begun |
bet | bet |
blow | blown |
break | broken |
bring | brought |
build | built |
burst | burst |
buy | bought |
catch | caught |
choose | chosen |
come | come |
cost | cost |
cut | cut |
deal | dealt |
do | done |
draw | drawn |
drink | drunk |
drive | driven |
eat | eaten |
fall | fallen |
feed | fed |
feel | felt |
fight | fought |
find | found |
fly | flown |
forget | forgotten |
freeze | frozen |
get | got, gotten |
give | given |
go | gone |
grow | grown |
hang | hung |
have | had |
hear | heard |
hide | hidden |
hit | hit |
hold | held |
hurt | hurt |
keep | kept |
know | known |
lay | laid |
lead | led |
leave | left |
lend | lent |
let | let |
lie | lain |
light | lit |
lose | lost |
make | made |
mean | meant |
meet | met |
pay | paid |
put | put |
read | read |
ride | ridden |
ring | rung |
rise | risen |
run | run |
say | said |
see | seen |
sell | sold |
send | sent |
set | set |
shake | shaken |
steal | stolen |
shine | shone |
shoot | shot |
show | shown |
shut | shut |
sing | sung |
sink | sunk |
sit | sat |
sleep | slept |
slide | slid |
speak | spoken |
spend | spent |
spring | sprung |
stand | stood |
stick | stuck |
swear | sworn |
sweep | swept |
swim | swum |
swing | swung |
take | taken |
teach | taught |
tear | torn |
tell | told |
think | thought |
throw | thrown |
understand | understood |
wake | woken |
wear | worn |
weave | woven |
win | won |
write | written |
Present Perfect
This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.[4]
The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.[5]
Some examples extracted from ef website: [5]
- Actions started in the past and continuing in the present:
- They haven't lived here for years.
- She has worked in the bank for five years.
- We have had the same car for ten years.
- Have you played the piano since you were a child?
- When the time period referred to has not finished:
- I have worked hard this week.
- It has rained a lot this year.
- We haven't seen her today.
- Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now:
- They have seen that film six times
- It has happened several times already.
- She has visited them frequently.
- We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
- Actions completed in the very recent past (with just):
- Have you just finished work?
- I have just eaten.
- We have just seen her.
- Has he just left?
- When the precise time of the action is not important or not know:
- Someone has eaten my soup!
- Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
- She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
Present Perfect Progressive
The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time. The present perfect continuous is formed using the construction has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing). [6]
Example: I’ve been decorating the house this summer. The focus is on the action – decorating – and the action is unfinished. [7]
Adverbs for Present Perfect
The present perfect tense is commonly used with the indefinite time adverbs never, ever, before, yet, already.[8]
- Have you ever been to the USA?
- I have never seen a kangaroo.
- I have seen her before.
- They have already arrived.
- She has not received the parcel yet.
Stative Verbs
A stative verb is a verb used primarily to describe a state or situation as opposed to an action or process. Common examples include be, have, like, seem, prefer, understand, doubt, and know. Also known as a stative, state verb, or static verb. Contrast this with a dynamic verb. Stative verbs usually don't occur in the progressive aspect or the imperative mood. [9]
List of stative verbs: [10]
- agree
- appear
- astonish
- be
- believe
- belong
- concern
- consist
- contain
- deny
- depend
- deserve
- disagree
- dislike
- doubt
- feel (=have an opinion)
- fit
- hate
- have
- hear
- imagine
- impress
- include
- involve
- know
- lack
- like
- look (=seem)
- love
- matter
- mean
- measure (=have length etc)
- mind
- need
- owe
- own
- please
- possess
- prefer
- promise
- realise
- recognise
- remember
- satisfy
- see
- seem
- smell
- sound
- suppose
- surprise
- taste
- think (=have an opinion)
- understand
- want
- weigh (=have weight)
- wish
Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic: [10]
- be
- think
- have
- see
- taste
Examples of stative sentence: [10]
- This soup tastes great
- The coffee tastes really bitter
Example of non-stative sentence (dynamic sentence): [10]
- The chef is tasting the soup
Past Perfect
The past perfect, also called the pluperfect, is a verb tense used to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past. [11]
We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect. [12]
Examples: [13]
- John had gone out when I arrived in the office.
- I had saved my document before the computer crashed.
- When they arrived we had already started cooking.
- He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.
In the examples above, it doesn't matter which event is mentioned first, the tense makes it clear which one happened first. [13]
Modals
Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that express ideas like ability, permission, possibility, and necessity. One of the most important things to remember is that modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meanings, but combining correctly is often a challenge for English learners. This is because we have single-word modals (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) and phrasal modals (be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to, used to). [14]
Phrasal Modals
Are phrases formed with the verbs be or have. Some examples of phrasal modals are have (got) to or be allowed to. [15]
- I have to go. [16]
Ability Modals
We use can, be able to and could to show that someone has (or doesn’t have) an ability to do something: [17]
Present/future ability | Negative |
---|---|
Alan can swim well. | Jackie cannot play piano. |
I can meet you after school. | We can’t visit Vancouver this weekend. |
I am able to speak two languages. | I am not able to speak Arabic. |
Brenda is able to run quickly. | Stacey isn’t able to finish a marathon. |
You are able to program a computer. | We aren’t able to make a reservation tonight. |
Modals of Possibility
We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain: [18]
- They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
- They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
- If we don’t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was possible now or at some time in the past: [18]
- It’s ten o’clock. They might have arrived now.
- They could have arrived hours ago.
Advice Modals
Modal Verbs are used to give advice or suggestions. There are two modal verbs for advice: should and would: [19]
Subject + Should + Base Verb: Should is used for advice in the present [19]
- You should eat healthy food.
- You should exercise every day.
Should + Have + Past Participle: Should is used for advice in the past [19]
- You should have gone to the party.
- She should have studied more often.
The modal verb "would" is used to give advice. In this situation, the speaker is giving hypothetical advice as if he/she were the listener [19]
- If I were you, I would return the book.
- If I were you, I would not wear that jacket.
Preference Modals
Modals of Impossibility
Adjectives
Comparatives and Superlatives
Appositives
Count and Non-Count nouns
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Quantifiers
Gerunds and Infinitives
Requests and Permissions
Pronouns
Adjectives and Adverbs
Nouns and Verbs
Prepositions
Phrasal Verbs
Collocations
References
- ↑ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/past_participle
- ↑ http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Past-Participles.htm
- ↑ https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/unreg_verben.htm
- ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/present-perfect-tense/
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/present-perfect/
- ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/present-perfect-continuous-tense/
- ↑ https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/present-perfect-simple-and-present-perfect-continuous
- ↑ https://www.englishgrammar.org/time-adverbs-present-perfect-tense/
- ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/stative-verb-1692139
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/stative-verbs.html
- ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/past-perfect/
- ↑ https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/past-tense/past-perfect
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/past-perfect-tense/
- ↑ http://blog.improving-english.com/2014/05/understanding-single-word-modals-and.html
- ↑ https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/august_teachers_corner_modals_week_2.pdf
- ↑ http://arts-ccr-002.bham.ac.uk/ccr/patgram/ch11.html
- ↑ http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/330-modals-ability.htm
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/modal-verbs/certain-probable-or-possible
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/modals/advice.html