Mudanças entre as edições de "Intermediate Grammar Project: UCI"

Edição das 21h14min de 12 de novembro de 2017

This is my work on Intermediate Grammar Project from University of California.

Past Participle

The form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, which is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective, e.g. looked in "have you looked"?, lost in "lost property".^[1]

For regular verbs, we normally add "ed" to form its past participle. Unfortunately for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.^[2]

List of common irregular verbs: ^[3]

Present Perfect

This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.^[4]

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.^[5]

Some examples extracted from ef website: ^[5]

• Actions started in the past and continuing in the present:

1. They haven't lived here for years.
2. She has worked in the bank for five years.
3. We have had the same car for ten years.
4. Have you played the piano since you were a child?

• When the time period referred to has not finished:

1. I have worked hard this week.
2. It has rained a lot this year.
3. We haven't seen her today.

• Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now:

1. They have seen that film six times
2. It has happened several times already.
3. She has visited them frequently.
4. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

• Actions completed in the very recent past (with just):

1. Have you just finished work?
2. I have just eaten.
3. We have just seen her.
4. Has he just left?

• When the precise time of the action is not important or not know:

1. Someone has eaten my soup!
2. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
3. She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

Present Perfect Progressive

The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time. The present perfect continuous is formed using the construction has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing). ^[6]

Example: I’ve been decorating the house this summer. The focus is on the action – decorating – and the action is unfinished. ^[7]

Adverbs for Present Perfect

The present perfect tense is commonly used with the indefinite time adverbs never, ever, before, yet, already.^[8]

• Have you ever been to the USA?
• I have never seen a kangaroo.
• I have seen her before.
• They have already arrived.
• She has not received the parcel yet.

Stative Verbs

A stative verb is a verb used primarily to describe a state or situation as opposed to an action or process. Common examples include be, have, like, seem, prefer, understand, doubt, and know. Also known as a stative, state verb, or static verb. Contrast this with a dynamic verb. Stative verbs usually don't occur in the progressive aspect or the imperative mood. ^[9]

List of stative verbs: ^[10]

• agree
• appear
• astonish
• be
• believe
• belong
• concern
• consist
• contain
• deny
• depend
• deserve
• disagree
• dislike
• doubt
• feel (=have an opinion)
• fit
• hate
• have
• hear
• imagine
• impress
• include
• involve
• know
• lack
• like
• look (=seem)
• love
• matter
• mean
• measure (=have length etc)
• mind
• need
• owe
• own
• please
• possess
• prefer
• promise
• realise
• recognise
• remember
• satisfy
• see
• seem
• smell
• sound
• suppose
• surprise
• taste
• think (=have an opinion)
• understand
• want
• weigh (=have weight)
• wish

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic: ^[10]

• be
• think
• have
• see
• taste

Examples of stative sentence: ^[10]

1. This soup tastes great
2. The coffee tastes really bitter

Example of non-stative sentence (dynamic sentence): ^[10]

1. The chef is tasting the soup

Past Perfect

The past perfect, also called the pluperfect, is a verb tense used to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past. ^[11]

We use the verb had and the past participle for the past perfect. ^[12]

Examples: ^[13]

1. John had gone out when I arrived in the office.
2. I had saved my document before the computer crashed.
3. When they arrived we had already started cooking.
4. He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

In the examples above, it doesn't matter which event is mentioned first, the tense makes it clear which one happened first. ^[13]

Modals

Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that express ideas like ability, permission, possibility, and necessity. One of the most important things to remember is that modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meanings, but combining correctly is often a challenge for English learners. This is because we have single-word modals (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) and phrasal modals (be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to, used to). ^[14]

Phrasal Modals

Are phrases formed with the verbs be or have. Some examples of phrasal modals are have (got) to or be allowed to. ^[15]

Ability Modals

Modals of Possibility

Advice Modals

Preference Modals

Modals of Impossibility

Adjectives

Comparatives and Superlatives

Appositives

Count and Non-Count nouns

Definite and Indefinite Articles

Quantifiers

Gerunds and Infinitives

Requests and Permissions

Pronouns

Adjectives and Adverbs

Nouns and Verbs

Prepositions

Phrasal Verbs

Collocations

References