Intermediate Grammar Project: UCI

Intermediate Grammar Project: UCI

This is my work on Intermediate Grammar Project from University of California.

Present Perfect

This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

Some examples extracted from ef website:

• Actions started in the past and continuing in the present:

1. They haven't lived here for years.
2. She has worked in the bank for five years.
3. We have had the same car for ten years.
4. Have you played the piano since you were a child?

• When the time period referred to has not finished:

1. I have worked hard this week.
2. It has rained a lot this year.
3. We haven't seen her today.

• Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now:

1. They have seen that film six times
2. It has happened several times already.
3. She has visited them frequently.
4. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

• Actions completed in the very recent past (with just):

1. Have you just finished work?
2. I have just eaten.
3. We have just seen her.
4. Has he just left?

• When the precise time of the action is not important or not know:

1. Someone has eaten my soup!
2. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
3. She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

Past Participle

The form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, which is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective, e.g. looked in "have you looked"?, lost in "lost property".

For regular verbs, we normally add "ed" to form its past participle. Unfortunately for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.

List of common irregular verbs: beat: beaten become: become begin: begun bet: bet blow: blown break: broken bring: brought build: built burst: burst buy: bought catch: caught choose: chosen come: come cost: cost cut: cut deal: dealt do: done draw: drawn drink: drunk drive: driven eat: eaten fall: fallen feed: fed feel: felt fight: fought find: found fly: flown forget: forgotten freeze: frozen get: got, gotten  give: given go: gone grow: grown hang: hung have: had hear: heard hide: hidden hit: hit hold: held hurt: hurt keep: kept know: known lay: laid lead: led leave: left lend: lent let: let lie: lain light: lit lose: lost make: made mean: meant meet: met pay: paid put: put read: read ride: ridden ring: rung rise: risen run: run say: said see: seen sell: sold send: sent set: set shake: shaken steal: stolen shine: shone shoot: shot show: shown shut: shut sing: sung sink: sunk sit: sat sleep: slept slide: slid speak: spoken spend: spent spring: sprung stand: stood stick: stuck swear: sworn sweep: swept swim: swum swing: swung take: taken teach: taught tear: torn tell: told think: thought throw: thrown understand: understood wake: woken wear: worn weave: woven win: won write: written